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Body Area Network (BAN) is emerging as promising technology for wireless network and widely being deployed in the field of medical applications for data extraction, storage and transfer of details regarding custom-made health care...
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Body Area Network (BAN) is emerging as promising technology for wireless network and widely being deployed in the field of medical applications for data extraction, storage and transfer of details regarding custom-made health care services. Securing of inter sensor communication within BANs is critical in preserving the health data privacy and also for ensuring safe healthcare delivery. The cumulative usage of wireless communication networks and the constant shrinking of electrical devices have endowed the development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). This research paper discusses the various authentication schemes and protocols available for WBAN. This research provides a survey of multilevel authentication protocols for WBANs. This paper also lists out the design issues in WBAN Authentication protocols. The outcome of this research provides essential future directions for further research on advancement of WBANs. Finally, this paper provides a summary on exposed research issues and challenges and provides the direction for future research in the area of Authentication protocols for Body Area Networks.
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Energy efficiency is a fundamental aspect for wireless body area networks (WBANs) due to the limited battery capacity and miniaturisation of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifespan of a WBAN depends mostly on maximising the energy e...
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Energy efficiency is a fundamental aspect for wireless body area networks (WBANs) due to the limited battery capacity and miniaturisation of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifespan of a WBAN depends mostly on maximising the energy efficiency. WBAN systems operate under conflicting requirements of energy and spectrum efficiency. In this study, the two metrics of energy and spectrum efficiency for direct communication links for in-body and on-body sensor nodes are analysed. A general device-to-device communication model was adapted to WBAN. Optimal transmission power values to achieve maximum energy efficiency for in-body and on-body communication links are found. With reference to a maximum power level of 1.5 W compliant with the Federal Communications Commission for WBAN, it is also deduced that for on-body communication, decreasing maximum possible spectrum efficiency by 33\% for medical devices operating in 400–450 and 950–956 MHz would improve energy efficiency by 75 times. Moreover, by decreasing spectrum efficiency by 38.3 and 48\% leads to an increase in energy efficiency by 45.3 and 39.3 times in 2.4–2.5 and 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency bands, respectively. This trade-off is significant for medical applications having strict energy requirements.
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Objective: In this article, we describe the important aspects like major characteristics, research issues, and challenges with body area sensor networks in telemedicine systems for patient monitoring in different scenarios. Presen...
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Objective: In this article, we describe the important aspects like major characteristics, research issues, and challenges with body area sensor networks in telemedicine systems for patient monitoring in different scenarios. Present and emerging developments in communications integrated with the developments in microelectronics and embedded system technologies will have a dramatic impact on future patient monitoring and health information delivery systems. The important challenges are bandwidth limitations, power consumption, and skin or tissue protection. Materials and Methods: This article presents a detailed survey on wireless body area networks (WBANs). Results and Conclusions: We have designed the framework for integrating body area networks on telemedicine systems. Recent trends, overall WBAN-telemedicine framework, and future research scope have also been addressed in this article.
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The monitoring of plant operators health parameters is vital owing to pollution and toxic gases level increase in the air atmosphere of the region of the industry. Wireless Body area networks helps to determine the essential param...
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The monitoring of plant operators health parameters is vital owing to pollution and toxic gases level increase in the air atmosphere of the region of the industry. Wireless Body area networks helps to determine the essential parameters of the plant operators continuously with the use of sophisticated sensors embedded in body. However the nodes in the WBAN acquiring critical parameters of the human body need to deliver the information through neighbour nodes to the medical server. The nodes implanted in the body of operators who are moving in and around their work space may find data transfer to the neighbour nodes difficult. Therefore constraints such as packet delivery loss, jitters are reducing the sensor nodes activity and capability. This paper proposes a better queuing mechanism for single channel and multi channel in the architecture to enhance the performance of wireless sensor networks deployed in the vicinity of the industry by improving Quality of service parameters of the proposed network.
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Routing is one of the main challenges in designing wireless body area networks. Existing routing protocols exhibit some drawbacks for practical networks: First, insufficient criteria (e.g., only energy or distance) are used to sel...
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Routing is one of the main challenges in designing wireless body area networks. Existing routing protocols exhibit some drawbacks for practical networks: First, insufficient criteria (e.g., only energy or distance) are used to select the forwarder nodes. Second, controllable parameters of the protocol are determined manually and no automatic tuning is used. Third, the protocol is not adjusted and optimized based on application specifications. In order to overcome the mentioned drawbacks, an adaptive Evolutionary Multi-hop Routing Protocol (named EMRP) is proposed in this paper. We introduce a multi-objective function based on energy level, distance, estimated path loss and estimated energy consumption for selecting optimal forwarder nodes. The proposed objective function aims to select forwarder nodes with high energy, low communication distance, low path loss and low energy consumption. The controllable parameters of EMRP can be adaptively optimized based on application specifications via genetic algorithm. Simulation results show a significant improvement than the existing technologies in terms of lifetime, path loss, throughput, and energy consumption.
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Recent advances in the field of wireless sensor networks have moved them beyond their traditional areas of application in monitoring of remote and mobile environments. Sensor networks are increasingly being deployed within and aro...
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Recent advances in the field of wireless sensor networks have moved them beyond their traditional areas of application in monitoring of remote and mobile environments. Sensor networks are increasingly being deployed within and around the human body to form body area networks (BodyNets). In addition to monitoring focused applications BodyNets allow also for closed loop systems incorporating actuators. They can be utilized in diverse applications such as physiological monitoring, human computer interactions, education and entertainment through interactive games. This special issue is intended to provide a forum for presenting, exchanging and discussing recent advances in different aspects of BodyNets.
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In recent years, a communications system, the Body Area Network, which uses the human body as a transmission path has attracted attention, and there is increasing expectation that it will be used more widely. However, there are st...
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In recent years, a communications system, the Body Area Network, which uses the human body as a transmission path has attracted attention, and there is increasing expectation that it will be used more widely. However, there are still several points on the signal transmission mechanism of using the human body in this way that remain to be clarified, and there has been little research into the interaction of electromagnetic waves and the human body. Therefore, we used the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method to calculate the E-field distributions around simple and realistic models of the whole human body in free space with a weareble device. Moreover, E-field calculations were carried out when the positions of the body were changed. Our results show that using the simple homogeneous whole human body model is valid for the E-field calculation, and the dominant component of the E-field is normal to the body/air interface in all the positions that the human body assumes in daily life. Furthermore, in the state where the human body is shunted to the Earth ground, it was shown clearly that the E-field distribution is not mostly different from when a body is floating in free space. It can be concluded that these results provide useful information in improving the design of wearable devices.
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Key management is the pillar of a security architecture. Body sensor networks (BSNs) pose several challenges-some inherited from wireless sensor networks (WSNs), some unique to themselves-that require a new key management scheme t...
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Key management is the pillar of a security architecture. Body sensor networks (BSNs) pose several challenges-some inherited from wireless sensor networks (WSNs), some unique to themselves-that require a new key management scheme to be tailor-made. The challenge is taken on, and the result is KALwEN, a new parameterized key management scheme that combines the best-suited cryptographic techniques in a seamless framework. KALwEN is user-friendly in the sense that it requires no expert knowledge of a user, and instead only requires a user to follow a simple set of instructions when bootstrapping or extending a network. One of KALwEN's key features is that it allows sensor devices from different manufacturers, which expectedly do not have any pre-shared secret, to establish secure communications with each other. KALwEN is decentralized, such that it does not rely on the availability of a local processing unit (LPU). KALwEN supports secure global broadcast, local broadcast, and local (neighbor-to-neighbor) unicast, while preserving past key secrecy and future key secrecy (FKS). The fact that the cryptographic protocols of KALwEN have been formally verified also makes a convincing case. With both formal verification and experimental evaluation, our results should appeal to theorists and practitioners alike.
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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is a recent challenging area in the health monitoring domain. There are several concerns in this area ranging from energy efficient communication to designing delays efficient protocols that supp...
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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is a recent challenging area in the health monitoring domain. There are several concerns in this area ranging from energy efficient communication to designing delays efficient protocols that support nodes dynamicity induced by human body mobility. This paper focuses on the convergecast or data gathering protocols in WBAN. Our contribution is twofold. First, we extensively analyze the impact of postural body mobility on various classes of multi-hop convergecast strategies. Our study does not limit itself to the existing state-of-the-art in WBAN, we adapted to WBAN settings strategies from the areas of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). We evaluate these strategies in terms of resilience to the human mobility, end-to-end delay and energy consumption, via the OMNeT++ simulator that we enriched with a realistic channel model issued from the recent research on biomedical and health informatics. Our simulations show that strategies that perform well in DTN and WSN cannot be just extrapolated to WBAN without a deeper investigation. That is, existing convergecast strategies for DTN or WSN do not perform well with postural body movements because of the topological partitioning provoked by important link attenuations due to signal obstructions either by clothes or by the body itself. Secondly, our extensive simulations give us valuable insights and directions for designing a novel convergecast strategy for WBAN called Hybrid that presents a good compromise in terms of resiliency to mobility, end-to-end delay and energy consumption. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Using wireless sensors worn on the body to monitor health information is a promising new application. To realize transceivers targeted for these applications, it is essential to understand the body area propagation channel. Sever...
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Using wireless sensors worn on the body to monitor health information is a promising new application. To realize transceivers targeted for these applications, it is essential to understand the body area propagation channel. Several numerical, simulated, and measured body area propagation studies have recently been conducted. While many of these studies are useful for evaluating communication systems, they are not compared against or justified by more fundamental physical models derived from basic principles. This type of comparison is necessary to provide better physical insights into expected propagation trends and to justify modeling choices. To address this problem, we have developed a simple and generic body area propagation model derived directly from Maxwell's equations revealing basic propagation trends away, inside, around, and along the body. We have verified the resulting analytical model by comparing it with measurements in an anechoic chamber. This paper develops an analytical model of the body, describes the expected body area pathloss trends predicted by Maxwell's equations, and compares it with measurements of the electric field close to the body.
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